![]() ![]() ![]() Both also assume that conditions given by the traditional Sunni theorists on jihad (such as the necessity of a Muslim ruler initiating an offensive war, treaties of peace being publicly renounced, a ratio of at least 1:2 in the military strength between Muslims and their antagonists and care that non-combatants are not deliberately harmed) are no longer required, as the “West” is on the warpath against Islam and Muslim rulers are either cowards or stooges of the enemies of Islam. The first two, Hafiz Saʿid and Masʿud Azhar, both from Pakistan, use certain interpretive devices - mainly, generalization of the commands given in these verses to fight the polytheists and the People of the Book, applying them to all non-Muslims forever. ![]() This study examines the way two Quranic verses (9:5 and 9:29) are interpreted by four South Asian exegetes in their Urdu exegeses. ![]()
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